ABSTRACT
Coastal structures are intended to protect shoreline or navigation channels from the effects of waves and other hydrodynamic force (Fith, et al., 2014). Design of coastal structures must consider a range of wave heights and periods combined with water level variations. The most common types of coastal structures are breakwaters. Breakwater is a structure constructed on coasts as part of coastal protection from the effects of both weather and longshore drift. Breakwater reduces the intensity of wave action in inshore waters and thereby reduces coastal erosion. Breakwaters may also be small structures designed to protect a gently sloping beach and placed at a distance of 1-300 feet offshore in relatively shallow water. Breakwaters can be constructed with one end linked to the shore, in which case they are usually classified as sea walls; otherwise, they are positioned offshore from as little as 100 m up to 300-600 m from the original shoreline. The types of breakwaters are rubble-mound structures, impermeable sloping structures, vertical wall structures, composite
1 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia as an archipelago country does not escape the impact of global warming due to the sea level rise. The impact of sea level rise results in the coastline change due to erosion and/or abrasion. In addition to global warming, forces of nature such as waves, currents, tides, and construction errors caused major damage to the existing breakwater. In general, construction fault lies in the tilt angle of the building, a thick layer, and heavy rock, in addition to other factors. This can lead to the collapse of the breakwater.
