ABSTRACT

The main objects considered in directional statistics are directions (unit vectors), axes, rotations, frames, and subspaces. Techniques for analyzing such

Methods and

data can be found in, e.g., Fisher et al. (1987) for spheres and in Mardia and Jupp (2000) for more general spaces. Some modern methods for directional statistics are expounded in Ley and Verdebout (2017). Objects more complicated than those above arise naturally in various contexts, such as those in the following three examples.