Anesthesia monitoring and management

Monitoring anesthesia is vital to patient safety and contributes to a smooth recovery within a reasonable period of time; however, monitoring anesthesia itself presents no therapeutic value unless interventional action is taken to correct any deficit detected via such monitoring. This chapter describes which vital signs should be monitored and at what intervals, as well as how to intervene when vital signs are abnormal. Monitoring and proper intervention play a key role in the success of each anesthesia case. The American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists (ACVA) has developed a set of guidelines for monitoring anesthetized patients. At a minimum, the following three parameters should be monitored at 3 minute intervals in all anesthetized patients ( Table 6.1 ): Table 6.1 Three major vital monitoring areas for ensuring tissues are perfused with well-oxygenated blood in the anesthetized animal https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table"> Monitoring areas/techniques Circulation(cardiovascular function) Oxygenation(cardiorespiratory function) Ventilation(respiratory function) Basic (subjective) Palpation of pulse. Assessing pulse rate, rhythm, and quality. Auscultation of heart sounds, capillary refill time Assessing mucous membrane color Observe chest excursion for respiratory rate, pattern, and depth Advanced (objective) ECG (rate and rhythms), blood pressure monitoring. Doppler ultrasound for blood flow and pressure. Blood lacate concentrations Pulse oximeter for hemoglobin saturation. Blood gas analysis for PaO₂, inspired and expired end-tidal oxygen concentrations. Blood lactate concentrations Capnography for end-tidal CO₂. Respirometery. Blood gas analysis for PaCO₂

Circulation.

Oxygenation.

Ventilation.