Introduction

Air records trapped in millenary ices show that CO₂ levels before the Industrial Revolution remained stable around 280 ppm for tens of millennia. The only viable way to sequestrate CO₂ from the atmosphere and reduce its concentration is via large-scale reforestation and afforestation to restore original forests, mangroves, algae, and many other photosynthetic communities. Geoengineering is meant to achieve large-scale modifications of Earth’s energy balance through human interventions. Very few studies have been published on the environmental effects, economical costs, sociopolitical impacts, and legal implications of geoengineering. Globally, solar PV utilities and wind energy are already cheaper than nuclear energy, and median costs of geothermal and biomass energy are lower than nuclear costs. There should be subsidy reduction for all energy sources and waste reduction in animal and plant husbandry since agricultural production in developed countries is energy intensive.