ABSTRACT
Children and adolescents spend a substantial amount of their time outside of academic settings. What they do with that time is important and likely contributes to normative development patterns. After-school time, the few hours between when school lets out and dinner time or when parents return home from work, is particularly important because it can be a peak time for delinquency or high-risk behavior (Taheri & Welsh, 2015). This may be especially so in unsupervised settings. Indeed, unsupervised time has consistently been linked to various types of delinquent behavior, substance use, risky sexual behavior, risk of victimization, and dropping out of school (Gottfredson, Gerstenblith, Soule, Womer, & Lu, 2004; Gottfredson, Gottfredson, & Weisman, 2001; Kremer, Maynard, Polanin, Vaughn, & Sarteschi, 2014; Pannoni, 2014; Petit, Bates, Dodge, & Meece, 1999; Rorie, Gottfredson, Cross, Wilson, & Connell, 2011).
