ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 1.1 The need for new technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 From DCS and SCADA to Internet of Things and System of
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Automation system architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Automation system properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.2 Communication within automation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Current trends in automations systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.1 Production flexibility and customisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.2 Very large automation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.3 Automation system security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.4 Automation systems are physically local systems . . . . . . . 10 1.4.5 Automation engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Future automation system requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.6 Next generation automation and digitisation technology — IoT
and SoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6.1 Internet of Things — IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.2 System of Systems — SoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6.3 Service-Oriented Architecture — SOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 The local automation cloud approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1 The need for new technology High level topics in today’s society are sustainability, flexibility, efficiency, and competitiveness. These in turn are driven by big societal questions like environmental sustainability, availability of energy and other raw materials, and rapidly changing market trends. We find several trends that in different ways
requirements. Another is learning from previous products, other parts of the value chain, the life cycle of the product and the product or service production process itself.
