ABSTRACT
Chemical processes are flooded with complex human–machine interfaces that are generally coupled to automated systems involving data that have varying levels of reliability (Burns et al., 2008). Industrial processes are large, complex, distributed, and dynamic. They are also socially dependent in that several plant operations call for a teamwork culture (Kluge and Frank, 2014; Nazir et al., 2012a, 2014b). In fact, a number of field activities are managed by crews, shifts, and varied functional groups (Nazir et al., 2013; Wickens, 2000). Although the study of human factors, human–machine interfaces, and the cognitive issues related to these topics has always been more focused on aviation, the armed forces, and command and control, nonetheless, since the last decade, the role and significance of human errors in the process industry have started to gain some attention (Antonovsky et al., 2013).
