ABSTRACT
Human errors are believed to contribute to most accidents or incidents in diverse activities, such as aviation (Wiegmann and Shappell 2001), driving (de Winter and Dodou 2010), rail (Edkins and Pollock 1997; Reinach and Viale 2006), and health care (Arnstein 1997; Carthey et al. 2001). Moreover, many of these human errors comprise well-trained acts that may be appropriate in other situations. Previous studies have reported that such skill-based errors account for 61% of all human errors (Davies et al. 2000; Reason 1990). One type of skill-based error, a slip, is an error in which individuals make a response incorrectly, while the other type of skill-based error, a lapse, is a lack of required reactions (Reason 1990). Because a slip is fundamentally a correctly trained act, further training is reported to have little effect in preventing the error. Instead, the first step against making slips is to comprehend what they are and their mechanisms (Airbus 2005).
