ABSTRACT
Carbon has always been considered to be a fundamental unit, due to its omnipresence in every aspect of moving and static entities. This chapter discusses the changes in the physical properties of sp carbon motifs after the addition of phosphorous (P) into their lattice. It provides an overview of highly advanced carbon materials, doped with nitrogen, boron, P, or sulphur, and the effect of this doping on the performance of carbon for various energy applications. The multiple heteroatom-doped carbon matrices were expected to possess new active sites corresponding to the ratio and position of various dopants. It was found that after multiple doping, the carbon becomes more disordered and more prone to the chemical environment, which causes it to be more active for various energy applications. Many nanostructured carbon materials such as ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and hierarchical porous carbons have demonstrated greatly enhanced lithium storage capacity, and/or improved rate capability compared with commercial graphite anode.
