ABSTRACT
Botulinum toxin (BONT) was initially fda approved for the treatment of strabismus in 1989. Over time, its use has expanded for the treatment of a variety of multiple conditions, including migraine headaches, limb spasticity, cosmetic surgery, muscular dystonia, and lower urinary tract dysfunction [1]. The first urological application for BONT was reported in 1988 for the treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) [2]. In 2000, BONT serotype a (BoNT-A) was described as being an effective treatment for patients with detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI) with urinary incontinence between intermittent catheterization [3]. It was not until over a decade later, in august 2011, that BoNT-A finally received fda approval for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in patients who had an inadequate response or were unable to tolerate anticholinergic medications [4,5]. Shortly thereafter, in january 2012, the fda approved the use of BoNT-A in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence (UUI), urgency, and frequency in adults who have an inadequate response to or are intolerant of an anticholinergic medication [6].
