ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infections (UTIS) are traditionally divided into infections of the upper tract (pyelonephritis) and of the lower tract (bacterial cystitis). This chapter does not discuss upper tract infections, as knowledge on this subject is normally obtained during training in obstetrics. Untreated lower uti may ascend to the kidneys and even be associated with septicemia; however, such events are beyond the remit of this chapter, which focuses on bacterial cystitis.
