ABSTRACT
Fractures of the distal tibia and fibula are characterized using two main classification systems. Non-displaced intra-articular fractures are classified as type I fractures. Type II fractures involve displacement of the distal tibial articular surface without significant comminution. Type III fractures are displaced intra-articular fractures with significant comminution, often involving articular impaction. Multiple treatment options exist for fractures of the distal tibia in the elderly. Non-operative treatment was used almost exclusively for treatment of extra-articular fractures of the distal tibia through the 1960s. External fixation is a useful technique for provisional fixation of distal tibia fractures in the setting of significant open wounds or severe soft tissue swelling. Plate fixation began to supplant non-operative treatment as the preferred method of managing distal tibia fractures. Numerous biomechanical studies of distal tibia and fibula fractures have been conducted, investigating a variety of parameters pertinent to these fractures. Infected non-unions of the distal tibia present an even greater challenge to the treating surgeon.
