In developing a knowledge base of the fundamentals of training and simulation, it is critical to understand the maturity of the technologies that are candidates to be included in training curricula. This chapter provides insight to the emerging technologies to support adaptive tutoring systems. Researchers continue to enhance individual computer-based training capabilities to support self-regulated learning and account for individual differences through tailored training methods. The chapter describes the basic elements of an adaptive tutoring system model, explores current adaptive computer-based tutoring methods, identifies capability gaps, and discusses opportunities for future research. Adaptive tutoring systems produce instruction that is the product of interactions between a trainee model, a domain model, an expert model, and a pedagogical model. The chapter discusses the performance and effectiveness of adaptive computer-based tutoring systems. It reviews standards and provides recommendations for research, along with a few closing thoughts.