ABSTRACT
This chapter examines results of macro-element based modelling and analysis with that from a micro-modelling approach, particularly in terms of the global capacity and damage and collapse mechanisms. It deals with a word of caution on the use of macro-element modelling approaches for seismic assessment of existing masonry structures, particularly where out-of-plane mechanisms can be expected and rigid diaphragm action is not guaranteed. The chapter explains the differences in results of macro-element based modelling and analysis compared to a micro-modelling approach, in terms of the global capacity and damage mechanisms. Seismic vulnerability of a structure depends on the nature and condition of its structural materials, geometrical configuration and integrity of its structural system. In the context of mitigating earthquake effects, seismic assessment, strengthening and retrofit of the structure become important. Masonry was assumed to have a compressive strength of 3.0 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 2000 MPa and was modelled using Rankine-Hill anisotropic continuum model.
