ABSTRACT
The interaction between tunnel excavations and surface structures is a three dimensional (3D) problem. The ground disturbance due to the tunnelling advance causes a progressive settlement profile at the soil surface in both the transverse and longitudinal directions with respect to the tunnel axis. This chapter investigates the benefits and limitations of 2D assumptions in simulating the response of masonry structures to tunnelling in sand. Two-dimensional (2D) numerical models with coupling between the soil and structure offer a relatively flexible means of investigation for large scale projects, as complete 3D simulation is time consuming. The chapter aims to compare the responses of 2D and 3D models to evaluate the effect of the dimensional assumption on the accuracy of the prediction of cracking in masonry structures. The modelling of cracking in the masonry makes it possible to assess the development of structural damage and its influence on the building response.
