ABSTRACT
The expansion of nanotechnology-based industries entails new tools and approaches for the analytical and characterization methods of nanometrology. Nanomaterials embrace polymeric, magnetic, liposome, carbon nanotube, quantum dot, dendrimer, metallic, hybrid, and ceramic nanoparticles with any type of shape, composition, and surface chemistry possessing dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers. The higher surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles brings about radical changes to provide better usability in various interdisciplinary scientific and technological domains. The active surface of nanomaterials is also more sensitive to impurities and micro contamination during synthesis processes, which results in defects and yield loss. As a consequence, the precise characterization of nanomaterials poses a lot of challenges and requires the upgrade of the existing methods due to the needs and modifications of well-established synthesis protocols as well as to the presence of impurities. The present chapter recapitulates the available robust analytical methods including microscopic, spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, thermal, and physical adsorption of gases with principles and applications as well as their pros and cons with suitable examples.
