ABSTRACT
The compression capacity is more often controlled by the rigidity of the column against buckling instead of yielding. In the context of local buckling, the elements of a structural section are classified into the following two categories such as unstiffened element and stiffened element. According to the commentary in Section E of American Institute of Steel Construction 360-16, in the design with hot-rolled column sections, the torsional buckling of symmetric shapes and the flexural-torsional buckling of non-symmetric shapes are the failure modes that are not usually considered in design. The members are made by interconnecting elements by bolts or welding. The empirical relations for the effective slenderness ratio for the composite section are used to consider the built-up member acting as a single unit. Depending on the shape of the section, it is designed according to the flexural buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
