ABSTRACT
The field of nanotechnology has emerged rapidly since its influential inception by Richard Feynman, wherein he proposed the necessity of miniaturization for future devices. Nowadays, engineered nanomaterials are at the leading edge and have shown enormous potential due to their unique chemical, physical, optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. Moreover, significant advancements in the field of nanotechnology have facilitated fabrication of nanosystems, which have displayed extensive impact on all areas of natural and applied sciences. In the special context of biomedical applications, nanomaterials exhibit better functionality, sensitivity, efficiency, and specificity due to their tailored physicochemical properties and comparable size with various biomolecules. Moreover, proof-of-concept studies have shown immense potential in mitigating many biomedical challenges that cannot be resolved using conventional techniques. However, to make a final clinical translation, systematic and comprehensive analysis of any unwanted toxicity of nanomaterials is inevitable. Toxicity and risk associated with nanomaterials need studies on a scaled-up version and with controlled parameters in laboratory settings. From this perspective, systematic progress in the field of nanobiotechnology has been illustrated that has inspired technology transformation for developing simple to complex nanosystems and has been imbued with challenges, particularly in the biomedicine area. Moreover, nanobiotechnology concerns itself with the toxicological effects of nanomaterials shown by the studies, their reliability, and additional parameters that need to be considered for an effective total assessment of all the facets of nanotechnology.
