ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected pregnant women are at higher risk of both micronutrient deficiencies and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This chapter reviews the literature to examine the existing evidence, inform clinical care and address the unique healthcare needs of HIV-infected pregnant women. The associations of maternal vitamin D status with perinatal outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women have been investigated in several observational studies. The chapter focuses on the interplay of micronutrient deficiencies and HIV in the context of pregnancy. It also reviews the role of micronutrients in pregnancy in HIV-infected women and examines the efficacy and safety of micronutrient supplementation in HIV-infected pregnant women, including maternal, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes, with an emphasis on evidence from randomized clinical trials. The chapter then discusses the implications of findings for clinical care and public health practice, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings.
