ABSTRACT
The generation of useful genetic and epigenetic–based variation by breeding and selection, maintenance, and bulking of desirable traits by sexual and asexual propagation methods is an important component of crop improvement. in vitro propagation of plants is also necessary which requires the use of true– to– true propagation of several plants. The genetic instability in suspension, protoplast, and callus cultures has been useful in clonal propagation. In vitro propagation mainly centers on the formation and multiplication of shoot meristems, each meristem being a potential plant. Cultures for propagation in vitro may be started either from existing meristems, the embryo, main shoot or subsequently formed axillary shoots, or from organ expiants that are suitable for the induction of adventitious meristems in the form of shoot apices or embryos. Adventitious shoots are used as suitable expiant material for in vitro propagation of plants.
