ABSTRACT
Herbicide-resistant crops (HRCs) should be a part of integrated weed management systems for sane management of human agricultural ecosystems. Subsidized agriculture in western Europe that rendered the use of even most expensive herbicides as cost effective led to multiple applications of herbicides on major crops such as com, wheat, and sugar beets. Sugar beets have been widely cultivated in Europe in heavily subsidized manner and the price of production is higher than world sugar prices. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been the standard for broadleaf control in wheat for fifty years. It has low selection pressure, both because of imperfect kill and because weeds in many ecosystems can germinate after it has dissipated, diluting resistance. Triallate is a thiocarbamate herbicide widely used to control wild oats in small grains. There are only two other groups of metabolically selective herbicides for wild oats, one of the most pernicious grass weeds of wheat: various inhibitors of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) and isoproturon.
