ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the use of by-product feeds in ruminant rations and provides available nutrient data and feeding guidelines for the more commonly used by-product feeds. A ruminant animal has four compartments to its stomach. The four compartments are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. By-product feeds are divided into two main categories, roughages and concentrates. Within the concentrate category, they are further subdivided into energy by-products and protein by-products. Many of the by-products are available fresh, containing high levels of moisture, and also are available in the dried form. Some of the more important by-product energy feeds are almond hulls, apple pomace, bakery waste, beet pulp, brewers grains, citrus pulp, whole cottonseed, fat, grain screenings, grape pomace, hominy feed, molasses, pineapple bran and other pineapple residues, rice bran, wheat bran and other milling residues and whey. Additionally, there are times when many fresh fruits and vegetables are in excess supply and are available for feeding to livestock.
