ABSTRACT
Climate variability is the paramount factor limiting the primary productivity of terrestrial plants and has major impacts on the growth and productivity of crops worldwide. Cold stress can negatively impact rice growth at any developmental stage between germination, maturity, and grain fill. Low temperature stress can negatively affect plant growth and development by impairing photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation, thereby reducing yields by decreasing the level of carbohydrates needed for grain filling. Mass spectrometry-based analyses of metabolomic changes have identified and characterized several metabolites that accumulate in plants under stress conditions. Ubiquitin, found in both cytosol and the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, can be covalently bound to other proteins to regulate the stability, function, or location of the modified protein. Advances in molecular genomics and systematics and their applications in research have helped to improve knowledge on the physiological and genetic bases of cold tolerance in rice. Cold stress induces various changes in the physiological properties of plants.
