ABSTRACT
Abstract ................................................................................................. 290 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 290 10.2 Synthesis of Graphene ............................................................... 292 10.3 Forms of Graphene..................................................................... 295 10.4 Characterization ......................................................................... 304 10.5 Toxicity of Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials ............... 310 10.6 Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives ........................... 314 10.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ......................................... 320 Keywords .............................................................................................. 321 References ............................................................................................. 321
GAZALI, SANDEEP KAUR, ARJU DHAWAN, and INDERBIR SINGH*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Patiala, Punjab, India
*Corresponding author. E-mail: inderbirsingh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Graphene is the newly discovered nanomaterial which has a wide use in drug delivery and newer drug formulations. It is a single layer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms and has various properties that make graphene a unique and a widely accepted substance in drug delivery. Various researches have been made in this area to develop uses and applications of graphene in drug delivery. One of the major approaches made is the formulation of graphene as nanocarriers in the form of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). Apart from these various derivatives of graphene, such as monolayer and bilayer graphene, graphene oxide, a graphene nanomaterial, has also been synthesized which have found to contribute efficiently in the application of drug and gene delivery. In this chapter, we have discussed various methods of synthesis of all these approaches including their characterization techniques and various properties that they exhibit, which makes them a potential candidate in drug and gene delivery. Nanocarriers of graphene and various forms of graphene are also known to cause certain toxicities to various organs which are discussed and marked in this chapter which potentially cover all the major toxicities that are caused by forms such as GQDs and graphene oxide. A plethora of applications of graphene and its derivatives in gene and drug delivery have been exclusively discussed including their uses in biomaging and biosensing. To put an end, future perspectives of graphene and graphene-generated forms have also been discussed.
