ABSTRACT
Discharges into the Surface Waters ............................................... 15 2.2 PAHs as Environmental Pollutants ........................................................... 16 2.3 Natural Sources of PAHs ............................................................................ 20 2.4 Anthropogenic Sources of PAHs in the Aquatic Environment ............ 21
2.4.1 Fossil Fuel Extraction, Refining, and Burning.............................22 2.4.2 Industrial Sources ............................................................................23 2.4.3 Municipal Sources ...........................................................................25 2.4.4 Agriculture Sources ......................................................................... 26 2.4.5 Contaminated Sites .......................................................................... 26 2.4.6 Extraterrestrial Sources ................................................................... 26
2.5 Abiotic Environmental Transformations ................................................. 27 2.5.1 Chemical Oxidation ......................................................................... 27 2.5.2 Photochemical Oxidation ...............................................................28 2.5.3 Biological Transformations .............................................................28
