ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the global and local epidemiology, clinical features, and recent selected advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of TB/HIV disease. Drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics are a consequence of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), treatment-related amplification of TB resistance mutations, and transmission of both susceptible and resistant TB strains. LTBI has a significant impact on the epidemiology and population dynamics of active TB among people living with HIV, because of significantly higher rates of disease reactivation compared to non-HIV infected populations, and more rapid progression to active disease and represents a huge reservoir of potential disease and ongoing transmission. The chapter also discusses the issues of particular importance related to HIV and drug resistance coinfection and disease. The syndemics of TB and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have been a dangerous and ongoing collision of one of the oldest and among the newest of human infectious diseases.
