ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 25.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 694 25.2 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Personal
Care Products .................................................................................................................. 695 25.2.1 EDCs ................................................................................................................... 695
25.2.1.1 Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Ethoxyaltes............................... 695 25.2.1.2 Bisphenol-A and Bisphenol-F ....................................................... 696 25.2.1.3 Phytoestrogens ................................................................................ 697 25.2.1.4 Hormone Steroids ........................................................................... 697
25.2.2 PPCPs ................................................................................................................. 697 25.3 Sample Preparation ........................................................................................................ 698
25.3.1 Sampling and Storage...................................................................................... 698 25.3.2 Extraction........................................................................................................... 699
25.3.2.1 EDCs.................................................................................................. 699 25.3.2.2 PPCPs................................................................................................ 699
25.4 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 700 25.4.1 Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol Ethoxylates ................................................ 701
25.4.1.1 GC-MS.............................................................................................. 701 25.4.1.2 HPLC, LC-MS, and LC-MS/MS .................................................. 701
25.4.2 Bisphenol-A and Bisphenol-F......................................................................... 703 25.4.2.1 GC-MS.............................................................................................. 703 25.4.2.2 HPLC, LC-MS, and LC-MS/MS .................................................. 704
25.4.3 Phytoestrogens.................................................................................................. 705 25.4.3.1 GC-MS.............................................................................................. 705 25.4.3.2 HPLC, LC-MS, and LC-MS/MS .................................................. 705
25.4.4 Hormone Steroids ............................................................................................ 707 25.4.4.1 GC-MS and GC-MS/MS ............................................................... 707 25.4.4.2 HPLC-FLD, LC-MS, and LC-MS/MS ........................................ 707
25.4.5 Antiinflammatory, Analgesic, and Antiphlogistic Drugs.......................... 708 25.4.5.1 GC-MS.............................................................................................. 708 25.4.5.2 LC-MS/MS....................................................................................... 708
25.4.6 Lipid-Regulating Agents ............................................................................... 709 25.4.6.1 GC-MS ............................................................................................ 709 25.4.6.2 LC-MS/MS..................................................................................... 709
25.4.7 b-Blockers and b2-Sympathomimetics........................................................ 710 25.4.7.1 GC-MS ............................................................................................ 710 25.4.7.2 LC-MS/MS ..................................................................................... 711
25.4.8 Anticancer, Antineoplastic, and Psychiatric Drugs.................................. 712 25.4.8.1 GC-MS ............................................................................................ 712 25.4.8.2 LC-MS/MS ..................................................................................... 712
25.4.9 Antibiotics........................................................................................................ 712 25.4.10 Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Media ................................................................. 716 25.4.11 Personal Care Products ................................................................................. 716
References ................................................................................................................................... 718
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging environmental issues that have attracted increasing attention internationally and generated some concerns among the scientific community, media, and general public. In recent years, evidence has emerged showing that some chemicals (e.g., estradiol, nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), PCBs, and some pesticides) at certain concentrations can cause disruption to endocrine systems and can affect hormonal control of development in aquatic organisms and wildlife [1-4]. These chemicals are often described as EDCs. Evidence on the effects of exposure to EDCs on wildlife is substantial, including some reports from Australia [5]. Observed endocrine disruption effects include imposex of molluscs by organotin compounds; developmental abnormalities, demasculization, and feminization of alligators in Florida by organochlorines; feminization of fish by wastewater effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and paper mills; hermaphrodism in frogs from pesticides [3,4]. In contrast, while some published reports suggest endocrine disruption effects on human health such as decrease in semen quality and increase in cancer (testicular and breast cancer) rates, a causal relation between exposure to such chemicals and adverse health effects in humans has not been firmly established, except in isolated cases, for example, a synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been shown to cause reproductive and developmental problems [1,3].
