ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to provide an introduction to the structure and functioning of root systems and outlines the basics of root morphology and development. It reviews the generalized structure of primary roots, including the main tissue types within roots and changes that occur with secondary growth and tertiary root morphology. The production of lateral roots is an important feature determining the tertiary structure of the root system and the distribution of surface area for resource uptake. Root development among seed plants begins with the elongation of the taproot. Root systems have at least five broad functions: anchoring plants, capturing resources, storing resources, and sensing and modifying the environment. The belowground competitive ability of plants is often directly proportional to the size of their root systems. Most of the mineral nutrients required by plants are stored in roots, but the majority of studies have focused on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
