ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 310 12.2 Microscope, Wavelength, and Resolution................................................................... 310 12.3 Electron-Matter Interactions ........................................................................................ 312 12.4. The Transmission Electron Microscope ...................................................................... 313
12.4..1 Electron Sources ................................................................................................ 313 12.4..1.1 Thermionic Sources ........................................................................ 314. 12.4..1.2 Field Emission Source ..................................................................... 316 12.4..1.3 Schottky Emission ........................................................................... 317
12.4..2 Acceleration of Electrons: Accelerating Voltage ........................................... 318 12.4..3 Lens Systems ..................................................................................................... 318
12.4..3.1 Condenser Lens ................................................................................ 319 12.4..4. The Specimen Stage .......................................................................................... 319 12.4..5. TEM Imaging System ....................................................................................... 320
12.4..5..1 Objective Lens .................................................................................. 321 12.4..5..2 Objective Aperture and Contrast .................................................. 321 12.4..5..3 Intermediate Lens ............................................................................ 322 12.4..5..4. Projector Lens ................................................................................... 322 12.4..5..5. Lens Aberrations and Resolution .................................................. 323
12.4..6 TEM Operation ................................................................................................. 324. 12.4..6.1 Image-Forming Process .................................................................. 324. 12.4..6.2 Mass Thickness ................................................................................ 326 12.4..6.3 Absorption ........................................................................................ 326 12.4..6.4. Contrast Formation and Objective Aperture ............................... 327
12.4..7 Image Capture ................................................................................................... 328 12.5. Sample Preparation ........................................................................................................ 329
12.5..1 Ultra-Microtomy ............................................................................................... 329 12.5..2 Cryo-Sectioning ................................................................................................ 329 12.5..3 Staining ..............................................................................................................330
