ABSTRACT
Metalworking may be man’s earliest known technological occupation as gold, silver, and copper were hammered into thin sheets and shaped into jewelry and household utensils as early as 5000 b.c. [1]. Processes involving metal removal can be dated back into antiquity as hammered or cast objects were polished with a stone to a finish; whereas a process such as metal cutting may have been developed in the middle ages [2]. The onset of the industrial revolution, and with it the demand for greater machining accuracy, new machine tools, higher cutting speeds, and more widespread use of grinding saw the development of coolants [2].
