ABSTRACT
I. INTRODUCTION Heavy-duty liquid detergents (HDLDs) were introduced into the laundry market many years after the introduction of powder detergents. The first commercial heavy-duty liquid appeared in the U.S. in 1956. Liquid detergents were introduced in the Asia/Pacific region and Europe as recently as the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. A number of commercial heavy-duty liquids from the U.S., Europe, and Asia/Pacific are depicted in Figure 8.1.
