ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the theory and application of energy storage technologies that can be used in combination with battery systems to divert the “cycling” portion of energy exchange from the average. It shows the application of either ultracapacitors or flywheels in combination with battery systems. To appreciate the implications of the need for proper cell balancing consider the module energy storage capacity difference between a string of cells limited by the highest voltage cell case, and the remaining cells at a corresponding under voltage. With proper cell balancing the full energy storage capacity of the ultracapacitor module becomes accessible. The chapter addresses how to size an ultracapacitor module to support a selected function. It explains the electronic double layer capacitor (EDLC) model is developed based on the foregoing electrode description and capacitance of materials. An EDLC is a highly distributed network of series resistance through the carbon fiber mat and double layer capacitance of pores.
