ABSTRACT
III. Ultramicroelectrodes and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy A. Ultramicroelectrodes B. The application of scanning electrochemical microscopy for studies of reaction
kinetics IV. Potential-Step and Current-Step Methods
A. Chronoamperometry and double potential-step chronoamperometry B. Chronocoulometry and double potential-step chronocoulometry C. Chronopotentiometry and current-reversal chronopotentiomctry
V. Polarography VI. Methods Based on Forced Convection
A. General considerations B. The rotating disk electrode C. The rotating ring-disk electrode
VII. Methods for Determination of the Number of Electrons Transferred per Molecule of Substrate
VIII. Methods Based on the Combination of Electrochemical and Optical Techniques A. The techniques and cells for spectroelectrochemistry B. Modes of operation and applications
IX. The Application of ESR Spectroscopy References
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrochemical methods are widely used to gain information about the kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions associated with the electron transfer at an electrode. A unique feature of these methods is that the electrode serves both as the means of generating an intermediate, for instance a radical ion, and as the means to monitor its reactions to products.
