ABSTRACT
The complex ecosystem of tropical rain forest, which is basically through trophic levels and food web, has contributed to extremely rich fauna and flora. However, the complexity of tropical rain forest around the world has been degraded, especially in the 20th century. In the early stage of the century the major contribution of forest loss in tropical areas was due to human population growth that increased demand on forest resources, especially for fuelwood. Since then, development activities have increased gradually and many forested areas in tropical regions are cleared and converted to agricultural areas, industrial estates, urbanization, and human settlements.
