ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 117 Microparticles for Enhancing Skin Penetration ............................................................................. 118 Nanoparticles for Enhancing Skin Penetration ............................................................................. 118 PNBCA Nanocapsules as a Carrier for Enhanced Skin Penetration of Indomethacin................. 119 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 122 References....................................................................................................................................... 123
Recently, much research has focused on the discovery of methods for improving the percutaneous absorption of drugs. Many reports have described efforts to change skin permeability using chemical enhancers because the stratum corneum is recognized as a barrier for transdermal drug delivery. In addition to the use of chemical enhancers, it is possible to increase the percutaneous absorption by use of physical methods such as iontophoresis (electric fields) or by phonophoresis (ultrasound). We demonstrated that therapeutic continuous1,2 or pulsed output3 ultrasound at 1 MHz could enhance the percutaneous absorption of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from an ointment in rats.
