ABSTRACT
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Wastewater analytical measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Total suspended solids (TSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Total solids (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Fixed solids (FS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Total volatile solids (TVS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Total Kjeldalh nitrogen (TKN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Wastewater treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Processing water and wastewater efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Conduct a water audit — measure total plant flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Monitor water use by various processes within the plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Measure the time required to collect a measured volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Emphasize water use efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Waste minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Introduction The purpose of this chapter is not to provide the design and operation of wastewater pretreatment and treatment systems. There are numerous engineering firms and equipment firms that can design and construct wastewater treatment systems that will meet environmental discharge requirements. The purpose of this chapter is, however, to provide essential background information that helps processors significantly increase profits by using the wastewater stream as a source of information to determine the efficiency of processing and further processing plants.
