ABSTRACT
A radio engineer can hardly think about smaller amount of electromagnetic radiation than given by a single oscillation cycle of a unit charge in a dipole. When solved from Maxwell’s equations for a dipole of one wavelength, the energy of the emitted radiation cycle obtains the form Eλ = 2/3 hf, where the Planck constant h can be expressed in terms of the unit charge, e, the vacuum permeability, µ0, the velocity of light, c, and a numerical factor as h = 1.1049⋅2π3 e2 µ0c = 6.62607⋅10−34 [kgm2/s]. A point emitter like an atom can be regarded
CONTENTS 16.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................238 16.2 Oscillating Electromagnetic Dipole....................................................... 239
16.2.1 Electric Dipole in 3-Dimensional Space; the Standard Solution ......................................................................................... 239
16.2.2 Point Source as an Electric Dipole in the Fourth Dimension .................................................................................... 241
16.2.3 The Fine Structure Constant ..................................................... 242 16.2.4 Unified Expression of Electromagnetic Energy...................... 243 16.2.5 Energy States of Hydrogen-Like Atoms .................................. 243
16.3 Space as Spherically Closed Surface of a 4-Sphere .............................. 244 16.3.1 Momentum of Mass Due to the Motion of Space in the
Fourth Dimension ....................................................................... 244 16.3.2 The Effect of Local Gravitation and Motion on the Rest
Energy of an Object .................................................................... 245 16.3.3 Characteristic Emission and Absorption Frequencies
and Wavelengths of Atoms ........................................................ 246 16.3.4 Gravitational Shift of Electromagnetic Radiation .................. 248 16.3.5 The Doppler Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation ................. 248
Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 249 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................250 References ............................................................................................................250
