ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 233 11.2 Effects of Low O2 and High CO2 Levels on Arthropods .......................................... 241
11.2.1 Low Oxygen ........................................................................................................ 241 11.2.2 High Carbon Dioxide ......................................................................................... 241
11.3 Factors Affecting Efficacy of MA and CA Treatments for Arthropod Control...... 242 11.3.1 Hypobaric Storage as MA=CA Treatment ...................................................... 244
11.4 Physiological Effects of MA on Insects......................................................................... 244 11.4.1 Target Pest Groups ............................................................................................. 244 11.4.2 Diptera .................................................................................................................. 245 11.4.3 Lepidoptera.......................................................................................................... 245 11.4.4 Coleoptera ............................................................................................................ 246 11.4.5 Hemiptera ............................................................................................................ 247 11.4.6 Thysanoptera ....................................................................................................... 248 11.4.7 Psocidae................................................................................................................ 248 11.4.8 Aphidae ................................................................................................................ 249 11.4.9 Acari (Mites and Their Kin) .............................................................................. 249
11.5 Insect Quarantine Systems Using MA.......................................................................... 249 11.6 Effects of Insecticidal MA=CA on Horticultural Commodities ................................ 251 11.7 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 258 11.8 Future Research Needs ................................................................................................... 258 References.................................................................................................................................... 259
International trade of horticultural commodities has become increasingly important, but phytosanitary restrictions continue to limit its growth. Many insect pests are of quarantine importance in different regions in the world because they are either absent from an importing region in the same country or a different country, or the importing region or country has a ‘‘zero tolerance’’ for all live insects whether or not they are economically important. Some important quarantine insect pests are listed in Table 11.1. A systems approach is commonly needed to achieve an effective insect control, including different control measures in the field and surrounding areas, control of the commodity’s maturity stages at harvest, inspection during arrival to packing station, the legal quarantine treatment or system, and certification prior to shipment.
