ABSTRACT
What Is Stress? .................................................................................................... 261 Stress and Human Performance ...................................................................... 262 Stress Eff ects on Cognition ............................................................................... 264
Attention ......................................................................................................... 264 Memory........................................................................................................... 267
General Stress Eff ects on Memory ......................................................... 268 Context and State Dependency .............................................................. 269
Judgment and Decision Making ...................................................................... 270 Summary ............................................................................................................. 272 Cognitive Resilience: Moderators, Factors, and Strategies .......................... 273
Cognitive Appraisal ...................................................................................... 273 Disposition and Coping ................................................................................274 Predictability and Control ........................................................................... 275 Experience and Expertise ............................................................................. 276 Th e Presence of Others ................................................................................. 276 Training for Extreme Stress States .............................................................. 277
Summary ............................................................................................................. 279 Military Applications and Other Considerations ......................................... 280 Training and Preparation ................................................................................. 280 Selection, Assessment, and Measurement ...................................................... 283 Human-Computer Interfaces and Operational Performance Support ..... 284 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 285 References ............................................................................................................ 287
Cognitive resilience is a construct that has recently attracted the attention of researchers but is not yet well understood. Th e research literature in this area addresses a loose association of related concepts such as hardiness, stress vulnerability, coping style, protective factors, and self-effi cacy (Bandura, 2001; Florian, Mikulincer & Taubman, 1995; Kobasa, 1979, 1982; Kobasa & Puccetti, 1983; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Nowack, 1989; Rhodewalt & Zone, 1989). A constellation of factors have been shown to contribute to cognitive resilience. Th ese factors include cognitive appraisal, locus of control, perception of predictability and control, dispositional optimism, learning, experience/expertise, aff ectivity, motivation, eff ort, social support systems, and other individual diff erence characteristics (Bandura, 2001; Kobasa, 1979; Lazarus, 1966, 1990; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Seligman, 1998; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).
