ABSTRACT
With the Gülhane Edict and the establishment of the Tanzimat, the years between 1840-1860 and 18601876, the steps taken toward modernization may be characterized by a “process of industrial strengthening” taking place in the Ottoman State. However for both internal and external reasons, the newly established factories and institutions were not productive enough and the Ottoman State continued to be dependent on European technical aid and manufactured goods for building (Önsoy, 1988). In order to acquire the Ottoman market for the sale of manufactured goods, European countries endeavored to establish treaties of alliance and trade with the Ottoman State with the result that from the beginning of the nineteenth century countries like England, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Austria were exporting a variety of industrially produced tools besides machinemade bricks, metal supports made with advanced metallurgical techniques and clay tiles etc. . . for building and interior decoration to the Ottoman State. The names and addresses of local producers and the companies and offices importing building materials for Ottoman use are published in the Ottoman trade
annuals of the nineteenth century such as “Apel Gülbenkian”, “P. Gülbenkian & Cie”, “S. Capou & J. Pelletan”.
