ABSTRACT
Figure 36 Grain diameter versus tensile strain after recrystallization [2,149]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
When inclusions or precipitates are present, the average grain size is limited by the size and number density of inclusions. With elements that have limited solubility, the limiting grain size is well below I mm. With a few hundredths of I% of Cu, Ca, Te, and Ni, strong grain refinement is observed (Figure 36) [149]. Sb and Sn also have a grain-refining effect at larger concentrations.
