ABSTRACT
Figure 65 Stress versus time for I % creep in lead and lead alloys [2.208]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
(20)
Amplitude ratio: IT I - RA =~=-- ITm I + R
Figure 66 Temperature dependence of stress which causes 1% strain per year [2,219]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
Figure 67 Creep rates of copper-alloyed lead [2,184,200,211,222,223]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
Figure 68 Effect of extrusion temperature on creep strain of commercial lead and of copper-alloyed lead, at a tensile stress of 1.5 MPa [2]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
Figure 69 Creep rates of silver-alloyed lead and of copper-alloyed lead [2,208,209,211,223,224]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
M.Ill Ar1ttJic-lIotJ IJIIf MIl MlJ anJ 4lJ DIJIJ1 tJlJDl iii I I I I I .~Ltt»
--Figure 70 Comparison of creep strains in some lead alloys (cable sheathings) at various temperatures after 10,000 h under 1.37 MPa tensile stress; extrapolated from tests of 2000 h duration [2,226]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
Figure 71 Temperature dependence of creep rate of lead and lead alloys: (a) 0.03% Ca + 0.04% Cu; (b) 0.03% Ca + 0.05% Cu; (c) 1.0% Sb; (d) 2.0% Sn; (e) ASTM Grade III with 0.07% Bi; (f) Grade II with 0.06% Cu + 0.04% Bi; (g) Grade III with 0.09% Bi; (h) Grade II with 0.04% Cu + 0.03% Bi; (i) U-Lead (Port Pirie) with a total of 0.009% impurities. (a) to (i): [2,184,216.227]. (Courtesy of Springer Verlag, New York.)
Figure 72 The stress dependence of the secondary creep rate for 99.99% pure lead at various temperatures [228]. (Courtesy of ILZRO, Dr. M. K. Sohoto and Prof. J. R. Riddington, Univ. of Sussex, Brighton, UK.)
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Figure 73 The stress dependence of the secondary creep rate for Pb-O.£l6 Cu0.04 Te alloy at various temperatures [228]. (Courtesy of ILZRO, Dr. M. K. Sohoto and Prof. J. R. Riddington, Univ. of Sussex, Brighton, UK.)
