ABSTRACT
Chronic rejection is characterized by bile duct loss and obliterative vasculopathy, routinely occurring within 6 months of the transplant. Chronic rejection now occurs in 5% of liver transplants, down from an incidence of 15-20% seen in the early years of the field.3,4 Studies from the 1990 s showed the risk for the development of chronic rejection is increased in patients with refractory episodes of acute cellular rejection, multiple episodes of rejection,5 late onset ACR, male to female gender
Table 7. Treatment of late allograft dysfunction
♦Jeffrey S. Crippin-Liver Transplantation, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. Email: jcrippin@wustl.edu
Chronic AUograjt Failure: Natural History, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management, edited by Nasimul Ahsan. ©2008 Landes Bioscience.
