ABSTRACT
Asia and the Pacic is a dynamic region of expanding economic development, deepening political reform, and sweeping cultural transformation in the world. Amid rapid, drastic, and multifaceted social change, crime, deviance, and social problems occur in unprecedented volumes, forms, and complexities, posing serious challenges to social control systems in countries throughout the region. It is obviously not enough to expand the old social control system. It is more important to modernize the whole system
Introduction 39 Change of Control Ideologies 40
Historical Background 40 Opposing Forces 41 Synthetic Integration 43
Transfer of Control Technologies 46 Historical Background 46 Opposing Forces 47 Synthetic Integration 49
Professionalization of Control Forces 51 Historical Background 52 Opposing Forces 52 Synthetic Integration 54
Modernization of Control Systems 56 Historical Background 56 Opposing Forces 57 Synthetic Integration 59
References 61
so that it is able to deal with new situations more eectively and eciently (Xu, 1995; Shaw, 1996; Marx, 1997; Newman, 1999; Du Guerny & Hsu, 2002; MacMichael, 2003; Nagel, 2003; Davis, 2006; Deem, 2006; Sung, 2006; Bakken, 2007; Chan, 2007; Terrill, 2007; Melossi, 2008; King, 2009).
