ABSTRACT
The natural drainage network does not always provide adequate outlets for runoff. Land shaping can alter the surface configuration to permit surface water to flow easily by gravity to outlets, usually ditches or natural streams.[1] Sumps and pumping stations may be required to lift drainage water into a ditch or stream if the drained area is either lower than the outlet or so flat that the natural gradient is inadequate to achieve the required discharge.[2] Land shaping speeds removal of surface water, thereby improving access for field operations and promoting healthier crops and higher yields.
