Index

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 103, 104 Acidithiobacillus sp. 144, 162 Acidithiobacillus spp. 15 Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans 104 Acidophiles 102, 190 Acidophilic bacteria 102, 104, 109, 113,

119, 123, 125 Acremonium sp. 275 Acridine orange 5 Action archaeology 22 Adiantum sp. 282 Aeration design 97 Aeropyrum 185 Agglomeration 94, 96 Agitators 87, 98 Agropyron repens 282 Albizia lebbeck 282 Alfalfa Biomass 215 Algal bloom 213 Alkaline water floods 150 Allochthonous energy input 5 Ammonification 9 Ampullaviridae 192 Anabaena anomala 272

Anhydrase 12 Ankerite 183 Aongstroemia orientalis 281 Aphanothece castagnei 272 Aphanothece pallida 272 Aquifex 186 Aragonite 13, 22 Archaea 102, 104, 105, 123, 156, 179,

185, 186, 190 Archaeabacteria 108 Archaeglobus 185 Argemone mexicana 282 Arsenicosis 211 Arthrobacter 154, 260, 273 Arthropod 284 Arthrospira 104, 106, 212 Ascophyllum nodosum 214 Aspergillus 261-263, 275 Aspergillus elegans 275 Aspergillus flavus 275 Aspergillus nidulans 275 Aspergillus niger 275, 276 Aspergillus versicolor 275 Asteroidal 175, 178 Astrobiology 2, 29, 175, 176, 237, 238,

249 Aulosira fertilissima 272 Aureobasidium 263, 275 Aureobasidium sp. 263, 275 Autochthonous 14 Autotrophic 13, 106, 108, 118, 123 Azadirachta indica 282

B Bacillariophytes 277 Bacillus 14, 154, 157, 260, 262, 273, 293 Bacillus mesenthericus 262 Bacillus sp. 144, 162, 273 Bacillus subtilis 14 BacTech® 107, 123 Bacteria-to-solid ratio 125

Bacteriohopanetetrol 142 Balaustium murorum 284 Barbula sp. 281 Basaltic rock 2 Bats 284 Beauveria alba 275 Bedrock 3, 13, 20-22 Beggiatoa 17 BHPB 82, 84, 93, 95, 99 Bicaudaviridae 191 Bioaccumulation 145 Biocatalysts 64 Biocide 290, 292 BioCopTM 79, 80, 84-88 Bio-corrosion 161, 163 Biodecay 281 Biodegradation 123, 158, 159, 166, 261 Biodesulphurization 156 Biodeteriogens 256, 263, 265, 266, 276,

286, 288, 292 Biodeterioration 255-257, 262, 263, 266,

267, 270, 271, 286 Bio-emulsifiers 153, 156 Bioerosion 27 Bioethanol 167 Biofilm 20, 116 Bio-flushing 159 Biofouling 64, 149 Biogas 140, 167 Biogenic 3, 9, 15, 18-20, 23, 26-28, 141,

240, 270, 271, 273 Biogeochemistry 62, 68 Biogeocoupling 186 Biohydrometallurgy 80, 101, 108, 127 Biokarst 2, 26, 28 Bioleaching 79, 80, 84, 88-91, 93, 98, 99,

102, 103, 107, 108, 113, 115-117, 120, 126

Biological cleaning 288, 289 Biologically induced mineralization

(BIM) 11 Biomarker imprint 57

Biomarkers 29, 175-177, 179-182, 184, 195, 240, 249

Biomass 2, 5, 28, 153, 213-216, 222, 223, 225, 226, 230, 231, 267

Biometabolites 247 Biomineralization 11, 18, 25, 195 Biomineralization processes 195 Biooxidation 80, 95, 98, 99 Biooxidation processes 80 Biopolymers 64, 152 Bioreactive natural products 248 Bioreactor(s) 59, 105, 149 Bioreceptivity 267 Bioremediation 158, 212 Biosignatures 176, 249 Biosorbent 209, 216 Bio-sparging 159 Biosphere(s) 177, 178, 181, 186, 190, 241 Biosurfactants 150 Bio-surfactants 152, 153 Bio-venting 159 BIOX® 84, 123 BioZINC® 126 Blastomyces dermatitis 275 Blowouts 97 Boerhavia diffusa 282 Brown rot 274 Bryum coronatum 281

C C. hadaliensis 52, 55 C. piezophilia 56 Calcedony 24 Calcite 8, 9, 12-14, 28, 164, 257, 270, 293 Calcrete crusts 20 Caldithrix 186 Caloneis bacillum 278 Caloplaca sp. 279 Calotropis procera 282 Calymperes sp. 281 Candelariella sp. 279

Candellaria sp. 279 Candida albicans 275 Canscora sp. 282 Capparis sp. 282 Carbon cycling 57 Carbonates 2, 9, 11, 14, 18, 85, 155, 176,

178, 274 Carbonatogenesis 12 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 165 Carotene 209, 210 Cassava 140, 156 Cassia occidentalis 282 Catharanthus roseus 282 Cave pearls 9, 11 Cellfalcicula 260 Cellvibrio 260 Cenotes 15 Cephalosporium sp. 275 Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) 284 Cerobasis lucorum 284 Chaetomium globosum 274 Chaetomium sp. 275 Chalcopyrite 5, 80, 102, 104, 105, 107,

109, 115, 120-122 Chemical heterogeneity 5, 7 Chemoautotrophic 5, 17 Chemolithotrophic 7, 17, 102, 106 Chemoorganotrophs 55, 273 Chiodectron sp. 279 Chlorella sp. 215, 278 Chlorella vulgaris 215 Chloris barbata 282 Chlorococcum humicola 278 Chlorogloea sp. 272 Chlorophytes 277 Chlosarcinopsis sp. 278 Chroococcidiopsis sp. 278 Chroococcus sp. 272 Cladosporium 166, 275 Cladosporium sp. 275 Clastic sediments 19

Clonothrix 18 Clostridium 154, 164, 260, 262 Clostridium tyrobutyricum 153, 164 Coccinia indica 282 Coccocarpia cronia 279 Cockroaches 260, 284 Codelco 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 99 Coleoptera 260, 284 Collagenases 262 Collema sp. 279 Colwellia 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62 Colwellia hadaliensis BNL1 51 Colwellia MT41 51 Colwellia piezophila 50 Commelina bengalensis 282 Comparative genomics 29, 190 Compressed natural gas 140, 167 Compressor stations 166 Concentrators 90, 91 Confocal microscopy 6 Coniophora puteana 275 Contact leaching 117 Conulites 25 Convolvulus sp. 282 Cooperative leaching 117 Copper bioleaching 89, 99 Corrosion 8, 20, 21, 25, 26, 116, 120,

121, 140, 141, 145, 149, 158, 160163, 166, 167, 256, 276

Corrosion inhibitors 162, 163 Cosmarium sp. 278 Crenarchaeota 14, 190, 191 Crenothrix 162, 164 Creosote Bush Leaves 216 Croton bonplandianum 283 Crows 284 Crude oil 139, 140, 142, 148-152, 154,

156, 160, 166, 167, 176 Crusts 19, 20, 25, 26 270 Cryogenic oxygen plant 85 Cryptoendolithic microorganisms 177

Crystallization damage 264 Cunninghamella echinulata 275 Curvularia sp. 275 Cyanopeptolin S 247 Cyanophyceae 209 Cyanothece 243 Cymbella ventricosa 278 Cynodon dactylon 283 Cyperus sp. 283 Cytochrome c 111 Cytochrome oxidase 111 Cytophaga 260

D Dactylodenium aegyptiacum 283 Dalbergia sisso 283 Damage category 258, 259 Damage diagnosis 257, 258 Damage index 258, 259 DAPI 5 Datura sp. 283 Deep caves 5 Deep oil reservoirs 142, 146 DEEPBATH 59 Deep-sea 'biofactory' 64 Deep-sea sediment 57, 62 Deferribacter 186 Denitrification 9, 58 Dermococcus sp. 278 Desalination 288 Desaturase 63 Desulfovibrio 17, 162, 215, 273, 289, 293 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 215, 289 Desulfovibrio sp. 273 Desulfurococcus 185 Desulphurization 102, 127, 156 Desulphurization of coals 127 Diagenesis 2 Diatom cysts 57 Diatoms 25, 277 Diesel 139, 140, 167

Digitaria adscendens 283 Dihe 210 Diploschistes sp. 279 Diptera 284 Dirinaria sp. 279 Dissolved oxygen 85, 124 Dolomite 13, 257 Dredging 141-143, 145, 149, 155, 159,

165 Drilling fluids 165 Dryopteris sp. 283 DSP 216, 224, 228-230 Dump leach environment 94 Dump leaching 126

E Earth crust 147 Eclipta alba 283 Ecosystem degradation 64 Ectropothecium monumentum 281 Electrochemistry 98, 113 Electron transport chain 110 Electrowinning 94, 98 Elongase 63 Endocarpon fusitum 279 Enhanced oil recovery 140, 149-153,

166 Enrichment 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 22, 158 Entophysalis sp. 272 Ephebe pubescens 279 Epifluorescence microscopy 190 Epitaxial growth 14 Epsilonproteobacteria 15 Escherichia 65, 68, 154 Escherichia coli 65, 68 Escondida Sulphide Project 95, 99 Euphorbia sp. 283 Eusomolejeunea clausa 281 Exoenzymes 8, 260 Extracellular polymeric substances

(EPS) 11, 242

Extreme thermophiles 103, 108, 109 Extremophiles 47, 147

F FAS (fatty acid synthase) 63 Fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzymes 68 Fe(III)-reduction 58, 187 Feldspars 95, 280 Ferroglobus 185, 186 Ferroglobus placidus 186 Ferroplasma acidiphilum 104 Fibroporia spp. 275 Ficus sp. 283 Flavobacterium 260, 273 Fleurya interrupta 283 Fluorescence Microscope 212 Fossil fuels 1, 166 Foxing 261 Frescoes 259, 269 Freundelich isotherm 214 Frullania sp. 281 FTIR 214, 223 FtsZ 65, 67 FtsZ gene 65 Furniture beetles 284 Fusarium roseum 275

G Galena 115, 122 Gallionela 162 Gallionella 20, 164 Gallionella ferruginea 20 Galvanic interactions 120-122 Gas plants 166 Gasoline 139 ,166 Geobacter metallireducens 187 Geobiology 176 GeoBiotics 79, 83, 99 GEOCOAT 93, 126 GEOCOAT® 93, 99 Geogemma 185, 186

Geoglobus 185, 186 Geoglobus ahangari 186 GEOLEACH™ 93, 99 Geomarker 175, 177 Geosignature 178, 187 Geosphere 47, 178 Geothermobacter 186 Gliodadium virens 275 Gloeocapsa livida 272 Gloeocapsa magma 272 Gloeocapsa pundata 272 Gloeocapsa sp. 272 Gloeophyllum trabeum 275 Goethite 19 Gomphosphaeria ponina 272 Gongrosira sp. 278 Greenhouse gas 157 Groutiella schlumbergeri 281 Growth pattern 119 Gypsum 15, 16, 25 Gypsum depositions 15

H Halococcus hamelinensis 245 Haplozia javanica 281 Heap 80, 84, 88-93, 95-99, 107, 126 Heap design 96, 126 Heap leach liner systems 98 Heap leaching 80, 88, 90, 91, 93, 97 Heat generation rate 93 Heat loving viruses 189 Helictites 9, 19 Heliotropium indicum 283 Hematite 19, 216 Heterodermia sp. 279 Heterohormogonium sp. 272 Heterotrophic 5, 13, 53, 260, 263, 273 Higher temperature stirred tank

leaching processes 96 High-pressure microbial cultivation 59

Hirondellea gigas 55 Holoptelea integrifolia 283 Host rock 7, 14 Hot lakes 184 Hot spots 106 Hot springs 17, 108, 181, 182, 184, 190,

193, 240 Humicola grisea 275 Hyalophila involuta 281 Hydrodesulphurization 156 Hydromagnesite 13, 14 Hydrometallurgy 80, 101 Hydrothermal systems 176, 178, 179,

184, 195 Hydrothermal vents 176, 178, 179, 193 Hydrothermalism 179, 181 Hyperhtermus 185 Hyperpiezophilic 48, 51, 54, 55 Hyperthermophiles 185, 187, 189 Hyperthermophilic viruses 190, 191,

193-195 Hypogean environments 17

I Igneococcus 185 Immunofluorescence 65, 67 Imperata cylindrica 283 Indirect leaching 114, 117 INT 5 Isoleucine 210 Isotopic signature 62

K K. fragilis 214, 216 Karst 12, 20, 26, 27 Kasese Project 126 Kerogen 157 Kerosene 139, 166 Kickxia incana 283 Knallgas Bacteria 14

L Laboria pulmonia 279 Langmuir isotherm 214, 215, 218 Langmuir equation 220 Langmuir plots 218 Lava 2, 3, 179 Leach cycle 97 Leaching 80, 88, 114, 117, 126 Lecanora sp. 279 Lejeunea sp. 281 Lepthothrix 164 Leptogium sp. 279 Leptolyngbya 243 Leptolyngyba sp. 247 Leptospirillum 103, 104, 105 Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 104, 105 Leptothrix 20, 162 Leptothrix sp. 20 Leptotrema santense 279 Lessonia nigrescens 216 Leucas biflora 283 Lichens 271, 277, 278, 280, 288, 291 Lidenbergia indica 283 Lipid biomarkers 58, 62 Lipomyces neoformans 275 Liquefied natural gas 140, 166 Lithification 242, 244 Liverworts 280, 281 Living rocks 238 Low grade ores 88, 93, 102 LSP 216, 224, 232 Lycopodium sp. 283 Lyngbya cinerescens 272 Lyngbya taylorii 216

M M. abyssi 53, 55 M. profunda 53, 55 M. yayanosii 53, 55 Macrophoma sp. 275 Magmatic rocks 179

Magnetite 18, 187 Magnetosomes 187 Manganese-oxidizing bacteria 8, 22 Mangrove 141-144, 147 Mangrove wetlands 141, 143 Marchantia chenopoda 144, 281 Martian rocks 175 Mason bee (Hymenoptera) 284 Mastigolejeunea auriculata 281 Mean annual surface temperature

(MAST) 5 Meolosira 25 Metabolomics 29 Metagenomics 29, 247, 248 Metallosphaera 185 Metaosphaera 108 Meteorites 175 Methane 140, 148, 153, 154, 160 Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

156 Methanocaldococcus 185 Methanogenesis 58, 238 Methanopyrus 185 Methanothermococcus 185 Methanothermus 185 Methanotorris 185 Micritic layers 9 Micro-Bac 155 Microbial degradation 14, 57, 141, 158,

165 Microbial ecology 3, 101, 237 Microbial enhanced oil recovery

(MEOR) 140, 150 Microbial improved oil recovery 150 Microbial mats 17, 237, 238, 241, 245,

249, 269 Microbial produced volatile organic

compounds (MVOCS) 266 Microbial souring 163 Microboring 242 Micrococcus 154, 273

Micrococcus sp. 273 Microcoleus 243, 244 Microcosm 22 Microellobosporium sp. 273 Microeukaryotes 67 Microfossils 237, 240 Micromonospora sp. 273 Microplankton 57 Micropolyspora sp. 273 Micro-Raman spectroscopy 180 Mimosa pudica 283 Mineral crystal lattice 113 Mineral matrix 6, 102, 122, 270 Mineral-biofabrics 17 Mineralization 8, 11, 18 Mineralogy 95, 182, 194 Mining 22, 79, 95, 98, 102 Mixotroph 103, 104, 106, 108, 109 Molasses 152, 156 Molecular fossils 175, 180, 189, 240 Molluscs 284 Molybdenite 109, 115 Molybdenum 91, 188 Mondmilch 13 Monilia sp. 275 Monod-type 119 Moonmilk 2, 9, 12, 13, 14 Moritella 49, 50, 55, 60, 61 Moritella abyssi 50 Moritella japonica 49, 63 Moritella PE36 49 Moritella profunda 50 Moritella yayanosii DB21MT-5 51, 55 Morphotypes 190, 191, 192, 246 Mortars 259 Mosses 280, 281 Mucor 263 Mycobacteria 160 Mycobacterium 154, 265 Mysterious black box 6

N Nanomaterials 292 Natural gas 139, 140, 167 Navicula sp. 278 Neckeropsis undulata 281 Neohyophila sprengelii 281 Nepeta hindostana 283 Nephrolepsis sp. 283 Nernst expression 118 Neutrophiles 190 Nitrobacter 23, 272 Nitrobacter sp. 272 Nitrocalcite 22 Nitrosococcus sp. 272 Nitrosomonas sp. 271, 272 Nitzschia frustulum 278 Nocardia sp. 273 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases

(NRPS) 247 Nostoc 244, 272 Nostoc sp. 272 Notochlaena sp. 283 Nucleation axes 12 Nucleation sites 8, 244 Nutrient cycling 1, 245

O Ochres 22 Octoblepharum albidum 281 Oidiodendron 275 Oil drilling 142 Oil shale 157, 177 Oil-degrading bacteria 150 Oligotrophic energy acquisition 5 Oligotrophic environment 56 Oocystis sp. 278 Opal 24, 25 Opal-sulfur corralloids 25 Ophioglossum sp. 283 Ophiostoma 262

Optimal growth pressure 48, 54-56 Oral cancer 211 Ores 24, 80, 82, 89, 90, 93, 98, 102, 107,

109, 121, 122, 126, 127, 180, 182 Origin of life 47, 179, 195 Oscillatoria annae 272 Oscillatoria sp. 272 Oxalis sp. 283 Oxidative roasting 102 Oxygen boundary 7

P P. antarctica 56 P. profunda 53, 56 P. profundum 52, 56 Palaeococcus 185 Paleogeographic 177 Paleolakes 176 Papillaria nigrescens 281 Paramyxoviridae 192 Parmelia sp. 279 Parmeliella pannosa 279 Parmelina minarum 279 Parmotrema crinitum 279 Parmotrema sp. 279 Patina 257, 268, 269, 270, 273, 276 PCR 59, 61 Peltigera malacea 279 Peltula sp. 279 Penicillium 216, 261, 263, 275 Penicillium crustosum 275 Penicillium frequentans 275 Penicillium glabrum 275 Penicillium liladnum 275 Penicillium multicolor 275 Penicillium notatum 275 Penicillium purpurogenum 216 Peptidoglycan 108 Peptococcus 154 Perforation 143, 161 Petroleum 7, 15, 139, 140-143, 148, 149,

152, 157-167, 180

Petroleum reservoir microbiology 143, 146

PH gradient 110 Phenotype 13, 245 Phialophora hoffmannii 274 Phoma pigmentivora 263 Phoma sp. 275 Phormidium angustissimus 272 Phormidium sp. 272 Photobacterium 49, 52, 56, 60, 61, 63 Photobacterium profundum DSJ4 49 Photobacterium profundum SS9 49 Phylliscum sp. 279 Phyllopsora corallina 279 Phylogenetics 6, 14, 15, 17, 22, 29, 49,

50, 53, 55, 56, 58-60, 194, 249 Physalis minima 283 Physcia sorediosa 279 Phytokarst 2, 26, 27 Piezoadaptation 62, 64 Piezobiology 64 Piezophilic 48, 52-56, 59, 60-69 Piezophilic bacteria 47-49, 52-54, 56,

58, 59, 61-64, 67-69 Piezophilic enzymes 64 Piezophily 53, 56 Piezostable enzymes 64, 69 Piezotolerant 48, 49, 54 Pigeons 284 Pilot plant 80, 86-88 Pinnularia sp. 278 Pinta 269 Piperomia sp. 283 Pisoliths 9 Pityrogramma sp. 283 PKS (polyketide synthases) 63 Placynthium nigrum 279 Plagiochila distinctifolia 281 Plankton 57, 63, 146 Plaster 259, 279

Plectonema 243 Plectridium 260 Pleurastrum sp. 278 Pleurocapsa 244 Pleurococcus sp. 278 Plugging 97, 164 Pollution 64, 141, 149, 156, 157, 255,

263, 265, 287 Polychaetes 284 Polymer flooding 150 Polythionates 104, 112 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

62, 63, 66, 67 Porina fafinea 279 Porphyrosiphon sp. 272 Precipitates 6, 123, 181 Preleach 85, 88 Primitive Earth 190, 194 Prochloron 244, 245 Proteobacteria 14, 19, 48, 52, 53, 245 Provitamine-A 210 Pseudococcomyxa sp. 278 Pseudomonas 153, 157, 162, 215, 216,

260, 262, 273, 293 Pseudomonas sp. 162, 273 Pseudopleurococcus sp. 278 Psychromonas 50, 56, 60, 61 Psychromonas kaikoae 50 Psychromonas kaikoi 56 Psychromonas profunda 50 Psychromonas strain CNPT3 50 Psychrophily 53 Psychropiezophilic 56 Pteridophytes 290 Punk rock 22 Pyrite 95, 104, 105, 107, 114-116, 120-

122, 141, 143-145, 162, 163 Pyrobaculum 185, 190 Pyrococcus furiosus 188 Pyrodictium 185 Pyrolobus 185

Pyrolusite 19 Pyrometallurgical 79, 80 Pyrometallurgical techniques 79, 80 Pyrrhotite 120, 121 Pyxine sp. 279

R Red shift 227 Redox potentials 58, 121 Redox reactions 1, 110 Redox relationships 7 Re-pressurization 153 Rest potential 119, 120, 121 RFLP profiles 60 Rhacomitrium tomentosum 281 Rhizopus 263, 275 Rhizopus arrhizus 275 Rhodochrosite 19 Rhodonese 112 Roccella fuciformis 279 Roccella montagnie 279 Romanechite 19 Rusticyanin 111

S S. gelidimarina 54 S. hanedai 54 S. maxima 209 S. platensis 209 S. termosulfidooxidans 104 S. violacea DSS12 65 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 214, 216 Saccharum munja 283 Saltpeter 2, 22, 23, 24 Sandstone-limestone 148 Sarcina sp. 262, 273 Schizothrix sp. 242, 272 Scopulariopsis 262 Scytonema sp. 272 Secondary deposit 3, 13, 15 Secondary metabolites 246-248

Secondary recovery methods 150 Sedimentary pyrite 141 Sedimentary rock 141, 142, 157, 177,

279 Seeping groundwater hypothesis 23 SEM 5, 6, 14, 115, 212, 214, 229, 230, 231 Sematophyllum caespitosum 281 Septrotrema pseudoferenula 279 Serpula lacrymans 274, 275 Shewanella 49, 50, 51, 60 Shewanella benthica DB172F 50 Shewanella benthica DB172R 50 Shewanella benthica DB21MT-2 51 Shewanella benthica DB5501 50 Shewanella benthica DB6101 50 Shewanella benthica DB6705 50 Shewanella benthica DB6906 50 Shewanella benthica F1A 49 Shewanella benthica PT48 50 Shewanella benthica PT99 50 Shewanella benthica WHB46 49 Shewanella SC2A 49 Shewanella violacea DSS12 49 Sida cardifolia 283 Siderite 18, 183 Silicate speleothems 24, 26 Siliceous gangue minerals 22 Silverfish 284 Six-inch six-foot rule 286 Smelting 84, 89, 99 Smelting technology 80, 87 Soft rot 274 Solanum nigrum 283 Solentia sp. 242 Solid state physics 113 Solvent extraction (SX) 89 Solvents 68, 140, 152, 153, 155, 288 Speleogenesis 3, 15, 18 Speleothems 2, 9, 19 Spermatophytes 290 Sphaerotis 164

Sphalerite 107, 115, 120 Spirillum 103, 104, 105, 260 Spirulina 209-218, 220, 222-231, 232 Sporosarcina 49 SSVI 191 Stachybotrus sp. 275 Stalactites 3, 4, 9, 18, 19, 20, 26 Stalagmites 3, 9 Staphylococcus sp. 273 Staphylothermus 185 Stereophyllum cultilliforme 281 Stetteria 185 Stichococcus sp. 278 Sticta weigelii 279 Stigonema sp. 272 Stirred tank 84, 88, 89, 96, 98, 99, 125 Stirred tank biooxidation 98, 99, 125 Stirred tank processes 96, 98 Stratification 17 Streptomyces sp. 273 Streptomycetes 14 Stripping 94 Stromatolites 27, 180, 237, 240, 241-250 Sulfate reduction 9, 15, 58 Sulfate-oxidizing bacteria 15 Sulfide gold ores 80 Sulfide ores 89, 93, 95 Sulfobacillus acidophilus 104, 106 Sulfolobus 104, 108, 185, 191 Sulfolobus metallicus 104, 108 Sulfolobus spp. 191 Sulfolobus-like archaea 104 Sulfophobococcus 185 Sulfur domes 1 Sulfur utilizing microbes 17 Sulfur-cycling 16, 17, 18 Sulfuric acid speleogenesis 17 Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria 271, 273 Sulphate Reducing Bacteria 149, 161,

162, 166, 242 Sulphite 104, 112

Sulphur oxidizing bacteria 118 Surfactants 82, 140, 152, 153 Symploca 243 Synechococcus 215, 243, 244 Synechococcus sp. 68, 215 Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 215, 216 Synechocystis aquatilis 272

T Tabellaria sp. 278 Tech-Cominco 99 Terminal restriction fragment length

polymorphism (t-RFLP) 60 Termites 260, 284, 292 Terrestrial oncoids 9 Tertiary recovery methods 150 Tetrathionate 106, 112 Thermodesulfobacterium 186 Thermodiscus 185 Thermofilum 185 Thermophiles 59, 103, 106-109 Thermophilic bioleaching 80, 84, 88,

120, 124 Thermoproteus 185, 190 Thermosphaera 185 Thermotoga 186 Thermotoga maritime 186 Thermucis velutina 279 Thiobacillus 15, 17, 103, 273 Thiobacillus sp. 271, 273 Thiosulphate 104, 107, 112, 114, 115 Todorokite 19 Tolypothrix sp. 272 Trachyspermum stidocarpum 283 Treatment charge and refining charge

(TC/RC) 91 Trentopohlia sp. 278 Trichoderma sp. 275 Trichodesma amplexicaule 283 Tridax prostala 283 Tungstenite 115

Twilight zone 4, 27 Two-tailed virus (ATV) 191

U Ulothrix sp. 278 Ulva reticulata 215 Uranium 1, 102, 117, 126 Usnea rubicunda 279

V Valine 210 Vandalism 263, 285, 286 Vermiculations in caves 25 Verrucaria rupestris 279 Virus-like particles 190 Vitamin A 210 Vitamin B12 210 Volcanic rocks 24, 179 Volcanism 176, 179, 181, 185

W Waste management 149, 167 Weathering 3, 24, 26, 122, 143, 158, 257 Weathering damages 257 Weisia jamaicensis 281 Well bore cleaning 140, 155 White rot 159, 274 Woodfordia fruitcoae 283

X Xanthoparmelia subramigera 279 Xenobiotic 158 Xenococcus 243 XRD 13, 20

Y Yellowstone National Park 182, 240

Z Zizyphus jujuba 283