ABSTRACT
Understanding Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Distinguishing Emotion from Related Constructs . . . . 55
Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Sentiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Effects of Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Causes of Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Needs and Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Appraisal Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Contagion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Moods and Sentiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Previous Emotional State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Causes of Mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Contagion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Other Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Measuring Affect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Neurological Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Autonomic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Facial Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Self-Report Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Affect Recognition by Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Open Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1. With which emotion should HCI designers
be most concerned? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2. When and how should interfaces attempt to
directly address users’ emotions and basic
needs (vs. application-specific goals)? . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3. How accurate must emotion recognition be
to be useful as an interface technique? . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4. When and how should users be informed
that their affective states are being monitored
and adapted to? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5. How does emotion play out in computer-
mediated communication (CMC)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Emotion is a fundamental component of being human. Joy, hate, anger, and pride, among the plethora of other emotions, motivate action and add meaning and richness to virtually all human experience. Traditionally, human-computer interaction (HCI) has been viewed as the “ultimate” exception; users must discard their emotional selves to work efficiently and rationality with computers, the quintessentially unemotional artifact. Emotion seemed at best marginally relevant to HCI and at worst oxymoronic.
