ABSTRACT
Contents 14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 343 14.2 Bidirectional Communication in the Web .............................................. 344 14.2.1 Reverse Ajax .............................................................................. 344 14.2.2 Alternative Approaches...............................................................345 14.2.3 HTML 5 ....................................................................................345 14.3 Real-Time Synchronization ..................................................................... 346 14.3.1 Time Constraint ....................................................................... 346 14.3.2 Bucket Synchronization ............................................................ 346 14.3.3 Round-Based Algorithms ...........................................................347 14.3.4 Optimistic Synchronization .......................................................347 14.3.4.1 Time Warp................................................................ 348 14.3.4.2 Trailing State Synchronization ...................................349 14.3.5 Latency Hiding ..........................................................................349 14.3.6 Summary ...................................................................................349 14.4 Real-Time State Synchronization for Web Applications ...........................350 14.4.1 Rationale for a Centralized Architecture ....................................351 14.4.2 Communication Protocol ...........................................................351 14.4.2.1 Client Behavior ..........................................................352 14.4.2.2 Message Types ............................................................353 14.4.2.3 Adaptive Round Time ................................................354 14.4.2.4 Join Procedure ............................................................354
