ABSTRACT
Shotcrete was first introduced in 1907 in America as hand applied dry spray, commonly know as gunite. Wet-mix shotcrete was later introduced in 1955 which increased pumping volume capacity and thus production rates. As such, wet-mix was and remains perhaps more difficult to control and finish than gunite. In the late 1960s robotic equipment was introduced and is prevalent today for overhead spraying in mines and tunnels. Around 800,000 m3 of shotcrete is sprayed in Australia per year.
