Study of soil movements around a penetrating spudcan

The deformation measurement technique as adopted in the present study is called Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), which is most widely used in geotechnical engineering in recent years due to its high accuracy and precision. This analysis was originally developed for fluid mechanics studies, and subsequently applied to geotechnical engineering by White & Take (2002). PIV operates by tracking the texture (i.e. the spatial variation of brightness) within an image of soil through a series of images, and finally calculates the movement trajectories.